Linux Logging

Linux logs are save usually in /var/log folder. Most linux distribution uses syslog, syslog-ng or rsyslog software for logging or sending them to remote servers. Analytics and visualisation software such a Elasticsearch and Kibana can be used for log inspection.

Usage by Distribution:

• Debian/Ubuntu: rsyslog
• RHEL/Fedora:

Standard logs:

• Debian/Ubuntu: /var/log/syslog
• RHEL/Fedora: /var/log/message

SSH sessions logging:

• Debian/Ubuntu: /var/log/auth.log
• RHEL/Fedora: /var/log/secure

Rsyslog

Rsyslogd supports queued operations to handle offline outputs. Official documentation: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/v8-stable/configuration/index.html

Rsyslog Configuration

Default configuration files by Distribution:

• Debian: /etc/rsyslog.conf man rsyslog.conf: https://linux.die.net/man/5/rsyslog.conf
• Ubuntu: /etc/rsyslog.d/50-default.conf

Container logging: Docker

• docker logs command show docker logs.

See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30969435/where-is-the-docker-daemon-log/30970134#30970134 for further information about docker logs.

• docker-compose logs

Activities

• Understand container logging (part of CKAD certification)
• Read "The Twelve-Factor App": XI.: Logs https://12factor.net/logs

See also

• ack, ag, grep, egrep, fgrep, agrep, ngrep, pgrep, awk, sed, strings, tr, tail, mtail, git grep, wc, uniq, LogQL, findstr (Windows), rg, git-grep, cut
• journald: Journalctl
• logger and systemd-cat
• Audit: acct, atop, tripwire, AIDE, auditd, debsums, AWS Cloudtrail, logwatch, logcheck, Google Santa, Coguard
• AWS Cloudtrail
• Netflow for network logging
• Message Brokers for routing messages: NSQ, RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka, AWS Kinesis and NATS Messaging
• fluentd
• Elastic: ELK, Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana, Installation, AWS Elasticsearch, Elastic SIEM, Elastic Beats, metricbeat, filebeat, journalbeat, Elastisearch Service , Search guard, Elasticsearch logs, curator, ILM, Lumberjack protocol, aws_elasticsearch_domain, KQL, elasticsearch.yml, elasticsearch-plugin, elasticsearch-certutil, Elasticsearch release notes/changelog
• Linux logging, Cisco IOS logging
• Standard streams: /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr, /dev/null, File descriptor, set -x, 2>&1, stdbuf
• Cisco IOS: show logging

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