Indicators of compromise (IOC)

When a threat actor makes changes to a system, either by direct action, malware, or other exploits, forensic artifacts are left behind in the system. IOCs act as bread crumbs for investigators, providing little clues that can help identify the presence of an attack on a system.

There are toolsets to aid the investigator in this task. Tools such as YARA.

A common set:

• Unusual outbound network traffic
• Anomalies in privileged user account activity
• Geographical irregularities in network traffic
• Account login red flags
• Increases in database read volumes
• HTML response sizes
• Large numbers of requests for the same file
• Mismatched port-application traffic, including encrypted traffic on plain ports
• Suspicious registry or system file changes
• Unusual DNS requests
•  Unexpected patching of systems
• Mobile device profile changes
• Bundles of data in the wrong place
• Web traffic with nonhuman behavior
• Signs of DDoS activity, even if temporary

Related terms

• IOA

See also

• Security: Security portfolio, Security standards, Hardening, CVE, CWE, Wireless Network Hacking, vulnerability scanner, Security risk assessment, SCA, Application Security Testing, OWASP, Data leak, NIST, SANS, MITRE, Security policy, Access Control attacks, password policy, password cracking, Password manager, MFA, OTP, UTF, Firewall, DoS, Software bugs, MITM, Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Contents, Security+ Malware, FIPS, DLP, Network Access Control (NAC), VAPT, SIEM, EDR, SOC, pentest, PTaaS, Clickjacking, MobSF, Janus vulnerability, Back Orifice, Backdoor, CSO, CSPM, PoLP, forensic, encryption, Keylogger, Pwn2Own, CISO, Prototype pollution
• Certifications: Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Exam